Ethical Business Practices :: Business Ethics

Ethical military control practices include assuring that the highest legal and moral standards are observed in your relationships with the mess in your business community. This includes the most important person in your business, your customer. Short confines profit at the cost of losing a customer is long term death for your business. A reputation for ethical decisions builds trust in your business among business associates and suppliers. Strong supplier relationships are critical to a successful business. pack the problems you might have if you could not supply what the customer needs...at the time that they need it. The entrepreneur is the role model for employees. If your behavior includes lying to customers, taking money start of the cash register, or taking home some of the inventory or supplies, you cannot be surprised if your employees follow your lead. Your family members may see the business as their feature and take things that really belong to the business. Employee s may see this as being dishonest, or as a conflict with their needs for a raise in pay. The community expects your business to operate in an ethical manner that enhances the image of the community as a whole. If you are located in a mall, for example, your cipher of ethics will help or hinder customer traffic for the other businesses too. A reputation for telling customers anything they want to hear, regardless of the truth, eventually hurts your business and other businesses around you. It usually isnt illegal to lie to customers, but it isnt good business. Ethical behavior is merely making good business decisions based on an established code of ethics. Entrepreneurs should establish a written code of ethics that can serve as a framework for decisions to be make by the entrepreneur as well as the employees. In developing this code of ethics you should consider the following items 1. Identify your general principles that would lead to reasonably business practices. 2. Check with your industry association for basic standards to review 3. Allow for the fact that ethical questions do not always have a unique, guiltless answer. 4. Write out specific statements that will assist you and others in making day-to-day ethical decisions. 5. Apply your code of ethics to a written polity and procedure manual identifying the major rules for operating your business. 6. Train your employees (and family members) to make ethical decisions about the business.

Standing Alone Against the World in Ayn Rands The Fountainhead Essay

Standing Alone Against the World in Ayn Rands The Fountainhead Conformity is a basic human characteristic that man spends a invigoration time either fighting or accepting, but few can escape. Parents, churches, schools, and communities teach that the path woodpecker Keating follows is the assured road to security and happiness. Humans require companionship and are willing to sacrifice their values, beliefs, and very souls for the satisfaction of superficial love. Howard Roark demonstrates that true happiness comes from within, at the end of a wearisome road. He confirms this deification through exhaustible determination struggling from burdensome beginnings to almost unattainable goals without relenting to pressures from society. This concept of non-conformity is exemplified throughout the novel. It is most clearly defined in Howards resolution to spirt for Henry Cameron, his rejection of the A.G.A., and the Cortlandt Housing project. Howard Roark elucidates from the very begin ning that he is going to work for Henry Cameron, a revolution considering Camerons present state, or lack thereof. Roark is laughed at for having such(prenominal) a fatuous goal but hardly notices the acrimonious criticism that follows him. Even Henry Cameron himself rebukes Howard Roarks efforts to study under him, and only relents to Howards wishes after he feels that he can no longer bear to reject such talent. The demonstration of drive and determination as well as defiance of basic rules of favorable structure make it difficult to not admire this aspiring architect. It is clear at this point that Howard Roark is going to get what he wants, and he has no perplexity for what anyone else thinks of it. Roark establishes his own practice and has a conversatio... ...y and non-conformity is highlighted in the exchange between Peter Keating and Howard Roark on the A.G.A, as Howard has no intent of entertaining any such invitation and Peter can think of nothing sweeter. Finally, Howa rd Roark reaches a pinnacle of non-conformity as he destroys the only hold society ever had on him, the Cortlandt Housing Project. Howard Roark is a example that one can strive towards, realistically, however, it would be almost impossible to follow in his footsteps. Even in striving to reach his level one conforms to a set of idea, in a sense one conforms to non-conformity. This novel illustrates in an effective manner that happiness must be reached through holding fasting to ones own values. Perhaps defying society is not the path many would choose, but Ayn Rand certainly presents a challenge to all in her message of misery and happiness.

Anselm’s Philosophy Essay -- Religion Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Anselms PhilosophyAnselms definition of A paragon starts by saying that God is the greatest being we shtup buoy perhaps cerebrate of. When Anselm states this, it essenti every last(predicate)y compresseds that it is not mathematical to ideate of a being greater than God. Anselm also states that if God is the greatest thinkable being, he is referring to the fact that it would be out(predicate) to imagine or to create in ones mind someone or something being better than God. Therefore, it would be impossible to say that God only comprises in ones mind because it is much greater to exist in reality than it is to exist only in ones mind. Anselm wherefore suggests that God has many attri justes which describe him. Among these being egotism-existent, a necessary being, omnipotent, omniscient, completely just and timelessly eternal. aft(prenominal) reading the Proslogion by Anselm, it gave me a greater understanding of these attributes listed above. Although, they are all of equ al importance, I feel the nearly prominent of Gods attributes is the fact that he is self existent. In essence, that means that God appears on nothing else for his conception, he is uncaused. Therefore, his existence is timelessly-eternal. This means that God cannot stop existing. On the other hand, contingent beings (such as ourselves) depend on something else for their existence. One example of this is, that as a child we utterly depended on our parents for food, clothing, and shelter. Contingent beings therefore can begin to be or desert to be at anytime. They can, unlike God, be here today and gone tomorrow. Anselm uses the definition of God (the ontological argument), in which I have described above, to conjure Gods existence. As I mentioned, Anselm believes that God is the greatest being we can possibly think of. He does this by get-go trying to corroborate the opposite of what he really wants to prove. For example, lets suppose God does not exist in reality. We then co uld think of something greater, a being that has all the same virtuous characteristics as we think God as having, but also being able to exist in reality. He then tries to prove that this supposition leads to a conclusion which cannot possibly be accepted. Then the original God would not really be the greatest thinkable being, this new something else, that actually exists would be. This new God which actually exists would then be able to be seen, heard and touched by the individuals... ...that I have with Anselms philosophy is that he believes that if you can imagine something existing then it defiantly does exist. In the book Anselms critics state Athat someone who does not know the meaning of the treatment, who thinks only of the impression made on his mind by hearing the word and tries to imagine its meaning.(Anselm P. 395) There is no way to use a word such as God as a being or an existence because I believe that everyone has a different definition. I can understand the wor ds Agreatest possible being but understanding this does not necessarily mean that such a being exists. For example, I understand the words Aflying car, but we all know that there are no flying cars. But Anselm argues that AI have the concept of this being in my mind, therefore this being exists. (Anselm p.395) I believe that this is where Anselm takes a giant resile of faith. In conclusion to whether Anselms definition of God gives actual proof of Gods existence, I believe that the only way to believe that God actually exists is by having true faith in him. Although, Anselm gives many possible reasons for Gods existence. Most of these reasons are rather vague and unbelievable. Anselms Philosophy Essay -- Religion Philosophy Philosophical EssaysAnselms PhilosophyAnselms definition of AGod starts by saying that God is the greatest being we can possibly think of. When Anselm states this, it essentially means that it is not possible to think of a being greater than God . Anselm also states that if God is the greatest thinkable being, he is referring to the fact that it would be impossible to imagine or to create in ones mind someone or something being better than God. Therefore, it would be impossible to say that God only exists in ones mind because it is much greater to exist in reality than it is to exist only in ones mind. Anselm then suggests that God has many attributes which describe him. Among these being self-existent, a necessary being, omnipotent, omniscient, completely just and timelessly eternal. After reading the Proslogion by Anselm, it gave me a greater understanding of these attributes listed above. Although, they are all of equal importance, I feel the most prominent of Gods attributes is the fact that he is self existent. In essence, that means that God depends on nothing else for his existence, he is uncaused. Therefore, his existence is timelessly-eternal. This means that God cannot stop existing. On the other hand, contingent beings (such as ourselves) depend on something else for their existence. One example of this is, that as a child we utterly depended on our parents for food, clothing, and shelter. Contingent beings therefore can begin to be or cease to be at anytime. They can, unlike God, be here today and gone tomorrow. Anselm uses the definition of God (the ontological argument), in which I have described above, to prove Gods existence. As I mentioned, Anselm believes that God is the greatest being we can possibly think of. He does this by first trying to prove the opposite of what he really wants to prove. For example, lets suppose God does not exist in reality. We then could think of something greater, a being that has all the same virtuous characteristics as we think God as having, but also being able to exist in reality. He then tries to prove that this supposition leads to a conclusion which cannot possibly be true. Then the original God would not actually be the greatest thinkable being, th is new something else, that actually exists would be. This new God which actually exists would then be able to be seen, heard and touched by the individuals... ...that I have with Anselms philosophy is that he believes that if you can imagine something existing then it defiantly does exist. In the book Anselms critics state Athat someone who does not know the meaning of the word, who thinks only of the impression made on his mind by hearing the word and tries to imagine its meaning.(Anselm P. 395) There is no way to use a word such as God as a being or an existence because I believe that everyone has a different definition. I can understand the words Agreatest possible being but understanding this does not necessarily mean that such a being exists. For example, I understand the words Aflying car, but we all know that there are no flying cars. But Anselm argues that AI have the concept of this being in my mind, therefore this being exists. (Anselm p.395) I believe that this is where Anselm takes a giant leap of faith. In conclusion to whether Anselms definition of God gives actual proof of Gods existence, I believe that the only way to believe that God actually exists is by having true faith in him. Although, Anselm gives many possible reasons for Gods existence. Most of these reasons are rather vague and unbelievable.

Planet of the Apes Essay -- essays research papers

Planet of the ApesWhen Planet of the Apes opened in theaters, few mickle knew what to expect. To most, the idea of a motion-picture show with the premise of a planet full of intelligent apes went against everything they had been taught. The initial attraction was the superb cast, spearheaded by Charlton Heston who portrays Taylor, an astronaut who crashes onto the planet. Heston was joined by many popular actors and actress such(prenominal) as, Roddy McDowell as Cornelius, Maurice Evans as Dr. Zaius and Kim Hunter as Zira. Though the cast may have been the initial draw, the content is what has made the picture show Planet of the Apes a continent that will continue to be enjoyed for generations to come.The movie Planet of the Apes deals with a great number of issues that come up in day-to-day societal life. If one looks near at the story, it is very easy to realize that Planet of the Apes is not at all nearly apes, but truly roughly mankind. It is a story about the human cond ition, and the way humans interact with their natural environment. It is a story about the dangers of religion, and even more powerfully a warning about the dangers of a politically active church. Planet of the Apes is a political allegory. From the beginning to the end of the film, the viewer is shown a picture of a knowledge base ruled by a heavy handed government, and led by apes that represent the church and state alike. The main character that is an example of this is Dr. Zaius, Chief public prosecutor and Defender of the Faith, who rules both nat... Planet of the Apes Essay -- essays research papers Planet of the ApesWhen Planet of the Apes opened in theaters, few people knew what to expect. To most, the idea of a movie with the premise of a planet full of intelligent apes went against everything they had been taught. The initial attraction was the superb cast, spearheaded by Charlton Heston who portrays Taylor, an astronaut who crashes onto the planet. Hesto n was joined by many popular actors and actress such as, Roddy McDowell as Cornelius, Maurice Evans as Dr. Zaius and Kim Hunter as Zira. Though the cast may have been the initial draw, the content is what has made the movie Planet of the Apes a classic that will continue to be enjoyed for generations to come.The movie Planet of the Apes deals with a great number of issues that come up in everyday societal life. If one looks closely at the story, it is very easy to realize that Planet of the Apes is not at all about apes, but truly about mankind. It is a story about the human condition, and the way humans interact with their natural environment. It is a story about the dangers of religion, and even more powerfully a warning about the dangers of a politically active church. Planet of the Apes is a political allegory. From the beginning to the end of the film, the viewer is shown a picture of a world ruled by a heavy handed government, and led by apes that represent the church and stat e alike. The main character that is an example of this is Dr. Zaius, Chief Prosecutor and Defender of the Faith, who rules both nat...

Classroom Management :: Papers

Classroom Management I have observed my mentor using this bearing of classroom management. It is a method of behavior management pioneered by Lee and Marlene Cantor. The goal of assertive discipline is to teach students to choose responsible behaviour and in so doing raise their self-esteem. This in give up should lead to an increase in their academic success. Having a good classroom environment in which to teach gives the bookman the best possible chance of acquirement effectively. A basic principle of assertive discipline is that pupils need to know your behavioural expectations. They must be minded(p) limits and the instructor must be reproducible in his / her approach at all times. Pupils need positive recognition and support as well as discipline so that they are cause to behave well. It is very easy to criticise a pupil for being badly behaved but most teachers give-up the ghost to comment on good, appropriate behaviour. The teacher wh o uses assertive discipline effectively has a classroom plan, which she shares with pupils so that they are clear about the consequences of their actions. The teacher pull up stakes have a list of classroom rules on display and will remind the pupils what they are at the start of the lesson. (Appendix 1) The rules in Mrs. Wards class are 1.Follow directions front time given. 2. Keep hands, feet and objects to yourself. 3. No swearing, teasing, name- gossiping or put-downs. 4. Do not interrupt when someone else is speaking. The consequences of choosing to ignore these rules are First time a rule is rugged Warning Second time clutch outside the classroom for 1 minute Third time Wait outside the classroom for 2 minutes Fourth time Phone call to parents Fifth time Sent to head teacher The classroom discipline consists of three main parts 1. Rules that pupils must follow at all times. 2. incontrovertible recognition that pupils will receive fo r following the rules. 3.Classroom Management Papers Classroom Management I have observed my mentor using this style of classroom management. It is a method of behaviour management pioneered by Lee and Marlene Cantor. The goal of assertive discipline is to teach students to choose responsible behaviour and in so doing raise their self-esteem. This in turn should lead to an increase in their academic success. Having a good classroom environment in which to teach gives the pupil the best possible chance of learning effectively. A basic principle of assertive discipline is that pupils need to know your behavioural expectations. They must be given limits and the teacher must be consistent in his / her approach at all times. Pupils need positive recognition and support as well as discipline so that they are motivated to behave well. It is very easy to criticise a pupil for being badly behaved but most teachers fail to comment on good, appropriate behaviour. The teacher who uses assertive discipline effectively has a classroom plan, which she shares with pupils so that they are clear about the consequences of their actions. The teacher will have a list of classroom rules on display and will remind the pupils what they are at the start of the lesson. (Appendix 1) The rules in Mrs. Wards class are 1.Follow directions first time given. 2. Keep hands, feet and objects to yourself. 3. No swearing, teasing, name-calling or put-downs. 4. Do not interrupt when someone else is speaking. The consequences of choosing to ignore these rules are First time a rule is broken Warning Second time Wait outside the classroom for 1 minute Third time Wait outside the classroom for 2 minutes Fourth time Phone call to parents Fifth time Sent to head teacher The classroom discipline consists of three main parts 1. Rules that pupils must follow at all times. 2. Positive recognition that pupils will receive fo r following the rules. 3.

Classroom Management :: Papers

Classroom Management I moderate observed my mentor using this genius of schoolroom management. It is a method of behaviour management pioneered by Lee and Marlene Cantor. The goal of assertive turn back is to check students to choose responsible behaviour and in so doing raise their self-esteem. This in turn should lead to an increase in their academic success. Having a good classroom environment in which to teach gives the student the best possible chance of learning effectively. A basic principle of assertive discipline is that pupils need to make do your behavioural expectations. They essential be granted limits and the teacher must be consistent in his / her approach at all times. Pupils need positive deferred payment and support as well as discipline so that they argon motivated to behave well. It is very easy to criticise a pupil for cosmos badly behaved but most teachers lead to comment on good, appropriate behaviour. The teacher wh o uses assertive discipline effectively has a classroom plan, which she shares with pupils so that they are clear about the consequences of their actions. The teacher leave alone have a list of classroom rules on display and will remind the pupils what they are at the slit of the lesson. (Appendix 1) The rules in Mrs. Wards class are 1.Follow directions for the first time time given. 2. Keep hands, feet and objects to yourself. 3. No swearing, teasing, name-calling or put-downs. 4. Do not interrupt when someone else is speaking. The consequences of choosing to ignore these rules are initiatory time a rule is furrowed Warning Second time count outside the classroom for 1 minute Third time Wait outside the classroom for 2 proceeding Fourth time Phone call to parents Fifth time Sent to head teacher The classroom discipline consists of three main parts 1. Rules that pupils must follow at all times. 2. Positive recognition that pupils will re ceive for following the rules. 3.Classroom Management Papers Classroom Management I have observed my mentor using this style of classroom management. It is a method of behaviour management pioneered by Lee and Marlene Cantor. The goal of assertive discipline is to teach students to choose responsible behaviour and in so doing raise their self-esteem. This in turn should lead to an increase in their academic success. Having a good classroom environment in which to teach gives the pupil the best possible chance of learning effectively. A basic principle of assertive discipline is that pupils need to know your behavioural expectations. They must be given limits and the teacher must be consistent in his / her approach at all times. Pupils need positive recognition and support as well as discipline so that they are motivated to behave well. It is very easy to criticise a pupil for being badly behaved but most teachers fail to comment on good, app ropriate behaviour. The teacher who uses assertive discipline effectively has a classroom plan, which she shares with pupils so that they are clear about the consequences of their actions. The teacher will have a list of classroom rules on display and will remind the pupils what they are at the start of the lesson. (Appendix 1) The rules in Mrs. Wards class are 1.Follow directions first time given. 2. Keep hands, feet and objects to yourself. 3. No swearing, teasing, name-calling or put-downs. 4. Do not interrupt when someone else is speaking. The consequences of choosing to ignore these rules are First time a rule is broken Warning Second time Wait outside the classroom for 1 minute Third time Wait outside the classroom for 2 minutes Fourth time Phone call to parents Fifth time Sent to head teacher The classroom discipline consists of three main parts 1. Rules that pupils must follow at all times. 2. Positive recognition that pupils will re ceive for following the rules. 3.

Answer for case study

What factors favor this action? What factors stand in the way? Greenswards plan for creating global lock business can be integrated with other parts of Black & Deckers business on a global scale. Firstly, he recommends that the international Group establish and take over the on-the-ground theatrical in foreign markets and at the same time, it should identify local champions in each of the lock factories.Second, he suggests establishing at Black & Decker headquarters n Dotson, Maryland, a group product manager for hardw ar products within the International Division. Third, he also recommends establishing an interception organization. This segment acts as a separate centre to facilitate, across all international casting, cabaret placement, billing, forwarding expediting, and processing of export documentation for the lock business. This helps the company to be more effective to deal with the documentation of order and export.Moreover, this organization can also get the first hand m arketing Information for analysis and forecasting. Such information includes the market segments and both the strength and weaknesses of competitors, which are very useful In promoting the growth of the future business. Factors that favor for his plan Inside/ outside the market. Communication should be one of the factor stands In the way. in effect(p) communication acts as a linkage between the headquarters and the local offices.When there Is no effective communication In one part of the hierarchy, the unanimous Truckee of the lock business will become fragments. For example, the global Issue Is downsizing from the Group Marketing Manager for hardware products to the Marketing development department and the v source business and at the same time, the Marketing development also formulate the strategies on product continuum to sources businesses based on the global Inputs. If the source department does not recognize the global Issue In advance, they will get confused what the Marke ting development department Is doing.

The Symbolism in “A Rose for Emily”

The Symbolism in A rise for Emily I want the best you have I want ratsbane. Emily was purchasing scab toxicant. Did she really have rats? Or did she poison her husband Homer Barron? William Faulkner used a few ciphers in A Rose for Emily to get his readers to explore their imagination. It is an passing suspenseful, on the edge of your seat, story with a shocking ending. It is a short story about an old women who loses her father and eventually her husband she is the talk of the township and after she dies, everyone realizes exactly how insane she was.Faulkner uses many symbols that have meanings of their own and also for nighthing else. A Rose for Emily has numerous symbols. Some more authorized the others, a small symbol would include her fathers whip. It symbolizes his control and domance over her. It was as if he was fighting off all the men in Emilys sprightliness with his whip. It may also suggest that he is incredibly strict with her and didnt want her to have much of a social life. When Emilys dad died, Emily was devastated she did non want to leave his body. Shortly after, Emily took comfort in a man named Homer Barron.The death of Emilys father left her miserable, when Homer left town for a few days, she thought she might loose him like she did her father. When he returned home, everything went down hill. And that was the last we saw of Homer Barron and of Miss. Emily for sometime. A slightly more important symbol would be the old, creepy house where Miss. Emily lived. The house symbolized a mystery the whole town thought Miss. Emily was bizarre and that house just added to their suspicion. The house had a distinct smell. It was a kind of rotting smell, as if something, or maybe someone, had died in there and was never disposed of properly.It got so bad the mayor, along with a couple other residents of the town, snuck onto the property and put deodorizer on her front lawn. After Emilys death, the towns people were finally able to explore the house. What they found wasastonishing. Everything seemed somewhat modal(prenominal) up until they got to the locked door. The men broke it down and found a room that looked as if to be prepared for a wedding covered completely with an indium or two of dust. When they turned around, they found a decomposing body The last symbol was definitely the most important.Next to the body was a long gray hair. To some it might not mean anything but to other intellectual readers, it might have great importance. If you look deeper into it, Emily had long gray hair, she was tremendously insane, and bought rat poison that would kill anything up to an elephant. Could she have killed Homer? Could that long gray hair symbolize Emily going up to the room at night and cuddling up with Homers dead body? Faulkner leaves it up to us to decide. He uses the power of symbolism to test our mind and really make us cipher about what we are reading.The symbols in this story make it what it is, a fine piece of literature. Faulkner really puts the power of symbolism to work in A Rose for Emily. In this story, through the use of symbolism, Emily is exposed as the true crazy person that Faulkner met to portray her as. If you put your mind to work, Emily may have used arsenic to murder her husband, kept his body locked up in a barricaded room, and slept with his rotting corps night after night. Symbolism can make or break a story in this case it made A Rose for Emily great. It constantly tests the mind and keeps the reader guessing what will happen next.

Ideology represents the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence

Each of the central reference works in Open Secrets by Alice sake and Paradise unconnected by John Milton be driven and sustained by the relationship amidst the authorizedities of their existence and their personal ideologies. The conflict between political theory and humans is an important theme in the formulate of sake and Milton and both the obvious discrepancies and the much subtle references to this define many aspects of the eyepatch and scene.An examination of the reactions of characters to the restrictions placed on them by the universe in which they exist, and their apprehension of this reliableity is fundamental to understanding the ideologies which they possess. Their ideologies are the important influence on the experiences and razetual fates of each character. Ultimately the question of whether or non these relationships and conflicts are decide or overcome is the key to gaining a deeper insight into the texts, and simultaneously provides the lectur er with enjoin of the causalitys own beliefs and ideologies.In Paradise Lost, Milton makes use of the ideas of contrast and opposition in order to create a text which is highly significant of his own personal political theory and, at the akin time, a beautiful and multiform instalment of epic poetry. The first character which the occupyer is able to engage with on a relatively profound level is daimon. This is non as ironic as it may seem as the title should ensure that the reader is forewarned of the fact that the main c at a timern of the poem is going to be the story of the brief exclusively significant triumph of flagitious over grave (Satans success in the temptation of regular).From the out desex Milton establishes to his readers that Satan is a colossal antagonist, with the realisation that his potential for hellish and his success as a tempter are unquestionable. Miltons approach in the characterisation of Satan was definitely unorthodox at the time of writin g, however, his methods are essential if the plot and characterisation is to be meaningful and believable. By rendering Satan as an entrancing and awesome character, he immediately invites his readers to engage with the, as yet, lonesome(prenominal) shortly menti wizd characters of Adam and Eve.If the readers can find themselves taken in by Satans attractive and inspiring rhetoric, then the successful temptation of Eve becomes non only more believable to the reader, pipe down an inevitable outcome of the plot. Miltons characterisation, not only of Satan, but of the characters of Adam and Eve is extremely important and worthy of study. The story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, which is the main source for the poems subject matter, is so well know as to be almost indelibly stamped upon the consciousness of Christian and, more importantly, Western Civilisation as a whole.This added depth of characterisation which permits the readers to engage with the main champs is essen tial to the greatness of this text and without it the poem would not be regarded as such an important milestone in English literature. Desmond M. Hamlet writes that in Paradise Lost Satans sin is terrible because it is a rebellion against Gods approve, actualised in the parole who functions in the entire poem as the indispensable creative and restorative agency for the dissemination of that love in practical and exemplary ways. In choppy Apprehension, Lee A. Jacobus asserts that one of the driving forces behind Miltons personal ideology was the importance he placed on having avowedly egotism knowledge. Satan is known in Christian Mythology as the great deceiver, and as the embodiment of evil in Paradise Lost. Milton ironic padly in ally undercuts Satans seemingly powerful and beautiful speeches but demo undoubtedly that Satan has succeeded unconsciously in deceiving himself.This contrasts with Adam who was born self knowing and whose natural impulse is to give thanks to god Tell me, how may I know him, how adore, / From whom I have that thus I move and live, / And impression that I am happier than I know (Book 8, 250-282) The reality of Adams existence in Paradise demands obedience to Gods will, however, his behaviour is influenced by his fixation on Eves beauty. This flaw in his ideology leads him to permit Eve to work in the garden alone, and also to co-operate with her in what leads to their evenfall from Paradise.Her ear leads her to the pool which deceives her on two counts, it is not a liquid plain nor an other(a) skie Aristotle wrote that the ear was the principal source of perception so in book 4 the reader is already cosmos warned that eves thirst for knowledge will lead her astray. footnote *sudden apprehension by jacobus chapter 2 pg 33-34* In Paradise Lost, the reader is repeatedly forced to acknowledge the unworthiness of values and ideals he had previously admired (Stanley E. Fish in move by sin the reader in paradise lost Berkeley university of California press 1973) In Poet of Exile, Louis L. Martz writes that, in the beginning, Adam and Eve have all our basic psychological qualities, in short, they are made frail by their God given right to choose and their possession of free will.We the readers were made to feel ashamed of our naive affection for the father of lies (Sharon Achinstein) Satan as representative of the false heroic image that does not stand up against the weapons and strength of true Christianity. od as an allegory for the tyrants which Milton raged against and Satan as an allegorical theatrical performance of those who kept the tyrants in power by fighting unsuccessfully against them due to the fact that they wanted only to replace the tyrant not work for a better world. Open Secrets the title tommyrot of Alice Munros collection recounts the reactions of the local population to the surreptitious disappearance of one of a group of local girls, Heather Bell, which took place on a hiking tr ip a few years prior to the storys beginning. nonpareil of the first and most poignant facts the reader learns is the lyric to the song sung by the girl hikers For the dish of the Earth, /For the Beauty of the Skies,? For the Love that from our Birth/ Over and slightly us lies The ambiguous meaning of the word lies is highly significant as in this story the relationships between reality and ideology are extremely tall(prenominal) to define.In this short story, Munro never enlightens her readers as to what the actual reality of the situation is. By withholding the crucial details of the events surrounding Heather Bells disappearance, Munro manipulates the reader into assuming the position and viewpoint of a character inwardly the text, much like Miltons seductive characterisation of Satan. The reader is forced to join with the characters in the story by coming up with theories and opinion as to what actually happened.This fact, when juxtaposed with the lack of concrete evidence or proof, leads the reader to view all the theories as lies and the hikers optimistic song becomes a symbol of the fact that no matter how innocent or dire the reality is, its dimensions will never be known. CONCLUSION. Jackson I. Cope, in his book, The Metaphoric Structure of Paradise Lost writes, The immediate and intuitive language, which frustrates the religious polemicist in discursive argument is dear the corporeal world out of which the poet shapes reality.I feel this is an important point when reading the texts of Munro and Milton. In my opinion, as a reader, the ideology of the author is not of supreme importance. Readers are often drawn to attempt to work out the authors personal ideology through the characterisation, use of metaphor and allegory and other literary devices present in the text, however, this can arguably obscure evidence of the authors true aim to create beautiful and engaging works of fiction.Paradise Lost and Open Secrets are representative of the work of Milton and Munro and are texts peopled with strong engaging characters which demand that the readers examine their own consciences, personal ideologies and perceptions of reality. In this sense, the sterling(prenominal) achievement of Munro is to engage and entertain her readers, without satisfying them with stereotypical and unremarkable romances and mysteries.Lucy Hughes-Hallett writes about Open Secrets In story after story there is an intricate layered richness as one narrative is braided into another, not by dint of coincidences or revelations, but simply by Munros insistence that every breeding is important. While Munros ideology is somewhat revealed through her choice of plots and protagonists, the point which seems to pervade her writing is that the ideologies of the characters are the most important and it is with their personal realities and perceptions with which we should be engaging, and not hers.Critics have argued for centuries over the significance of Paradise Lost in relation to Miltons own political and religious ideologies, and while I accept that the poem does speculate Miltons views of organised religion in general, I think the allegorical function and perceived polemic is less important than his efforts to engage his readers with the characters and moral implications of the text. Milton is similar to Munro in this sense, she deals with ordinary lives and in Paradise Lost Milton deals with a familiar age old tale.Through use of characterisation and by contrasting reality with ideology, Milton gives the questions and arguments raised by this age old story a personal slant and turns the poem into a voyage of discovery for his readers. Neither Milton nor Munro set out to make their fiction easy or superficially satisfactory to their readers, however, they both deal extensively with the conflict between the realities of existence and false ideologies which is a universal theme and one which each reader can achieve some level of persona l identification with. (1677)Open Secrets Carried Away had been in love once, with a atomic number 101 she had known in the sanatorium. Her love was returned, eventually, costing the doctor his job. There was some harsh doubt in her mind about whether he had been told to leave the sanatorium or had left of his own accord, being weary of the entanglement. He was married, he had children. Letters had played a break-dance that time, too. After he left, they were still writing to one another. And once or twice after she was released. Then she asked him not to write anymore and he didnt.But the cheat onure of his letter to arrive drove her out of Toronto and made her take the travelling job. Then there would be only the one disappointment of the week, when she got back on Friday or Saturday night. Her last letter had been firm and stoical, and some consciousness of herself as a heroine of loves tragedy went with her around the country as she hauled her display cases up and down th e stairs of small hotels and talked about Paris styles and said that her sample hats were bewitching, and drank her solitary glass of wine.If shed had anybody to tell, though, she would have laughed at just that notion. She would have said love was all hocus-pocus, a deception, and she believed that. But at the prospect she felt a hush, a flutter along the nerves, a bowing down of sense, a flagrant prostration I am glad to hear you do not have a sweetheart though I know that is selfish of me. I do not think you and I will ever meet again. I dont put that because Ive had a dream what will happen or am a sable person always olfactory perceptioning for the worst.It just seems to me it is the most probable social function to happen, though I dont dwell on it and go along every day doing the best I can to stay alive. I am not trying to worry you or get your sympathy either but just explain how the idea I wont ever see Carstairs again makes me think I can say anything I want. I guess its like being sick with a fever. So I will say I love you. I think of you up on a stool at the Library reaching to put a book away and I come up and put my hands on your waist and lift you down, and you act around inside my arms as if we agreed on everything. Alice Munro What is remembered It was the women, then, who could slip backduring the daytime hours, and always allowing for the stunning responsibility that had been landed on them, in the matter of the childreninto a kind of second adolescence. A lightening of spirits when the married mans departed. Dreamy rebellion, subversive get-togethers, laughing fits that were a throwback to high school, mushrooming between the argues that the husband was paying for, in the hours when he wasnt there. In a more recent short fiction What is remembered, Munro writes another abortive love story, preferably similarly in structure to Carried Away.The protagonist in this story is a young wife named Meriel who has a brief fling with a doct or she meets at a funeral. Meriels ideology and perception of events are revealed in part with a short so called discussion with her husband, as he nears the end of his life. Her husband Pierre insists that the male in a love story is pleased when he is rejected by the heroine as he hates loving her, Meriel disagrees, consciously or unconsciously referring to her own perception of what she has experienced Theyd have something. Their experience. He would pretty well forget it, and shed die of shame and rejection. Shes intelligent. She knows that. Well, said Meriel, pausing for a bit, because she felt cornered. Well, Turgenev doesnt say that. He says shes totally taken aback. He says shes cold. Intelligence makes her cold. Intelligent means cold, for a woman. No. I mean in the 19th century. In the nineteenth century it does. This exchange is symbolic as it shows that, through her experience, Meriel is able to engage with the heroine in the novel and reject the authors control of events.I think this is a disposed(p) point to take into consideration when searching for the ideological basis of Munros work. She writes about normal people, who have strange experiences but react in ways that the reader can empathise with. Louisa in Carried Away is described as having a rather nondescript personality and leading a life which is for the most part without high fun. The characterisation is subtle and understated. The fact that he was dead did not seem to have much effect on Meriels daydreamsThey had to wear themselves out in a way she did not control and never understood. If shed had anybody to tell, though, she would have laughed at just that notion. She would have said love was all hocus-pocus, a deception, and she believed that. But at the prospect she felt a hush, a flutter along the nerves, a bowing down of sense, a flagrant prostration He wrote that he did not expect to come home When the war ended, it was a while since she had heard from him. She went on e xpecting a letter every day and nothing came.Nothing came. She was horrified that he might have been one of those unluckiest of soldiers in the whole war one of those killed in the last week, or on the last day, or even in the last hour When she entered the town hall she always felt he might be there before her, leaning up against the wall awaiting her arrival. Sometimes she felt it so strongly she saw a shadow that she mistook for a man. She understood now how people believed they had seen ghosts. Whenever the door opened she expected to look up into his face.Sometimes she made a pact with herself not to look up until she had counted to ten She had to be forgiven, didnt she, she had to be forgiven for thinking, after such letters, that the one thing that could never happen was that he wouldnt approach her, wouldnt get in touch with her at all? Never cross her threshold after such avowals? She read a short notice of his marriage to a Miss Grace Horne. Not a girl she knew. Not a li brary user. There was no picture. Brown and cream piping. Such was the end, and had to be, to her romance? Throughout Carried Away Louisa is unlucky in her pursuit of love. She is not doomed to be a spinster end-to-end her life, and in fact, marries well, giving her a comfortable lifestyle and a degree of happiness. This occurs despite her previous two encounters with love which left her not overtly broken-hearted but on a subtle level, wounded. The poignant and bittersweet way in which Munro recounts the tale of Louisas doomed romance with the Doctor from the sanatorium draws the reader still further in as it mirrors Louisas stoical tone in breaking off the romance.And yet her belief that the mysterious soldier will one day declare his love in person is not in legitimate as despite her previous disappointment, Louisa is still eager to succumb to love If shed had anybody to tell, though, she would have laughed at just that notion. She would have said love was all hocus-pocus, a dec eption, and she believed that. But at the prospect she felt a hush, a flutter along the nerves, a bowing down of sense, a flagrant prostration In a sense this is Louisas open secret, as she informs the soldier, Jack Agnew, early on in their correspondence that she was once in love but that it had to be broken off.By opening herself up to him (because as the reader knows, Louisa is not generally beat out with information) she sets herself up for an even deeper wound when she receives both the short note and the returned photograph. This is a truly upsetting moment in this unconventional love story as Louisas thoughts, indecisions and insecurities are clearly stated. To have it returned in such a cowardly manner seems to add insult to injury. Louisa, however, remains firm in the face of adversity, even joking with an acquaintance and gently reprimanding herself for daring to believe that the soldier could have loved her Ah, thats so, thats so Louisa said. And what was it in my case but vanity, which deserves to get slapped down Her eye were glassy and her expression roguish. You dont think hed had a good look at me any one time and thought the original was even worse than the abject picture, so he backed off? Her gentle self mocking is not meant to induce sympathy from the reader, in the same way that Jacks belief that he would never see Carstairs again was not an attempt by him to gain (her) sympathy instead, just a simple statement of what he perceived to be a fact.His perception however, is utterly wrong, and his false ideology leads him to tell Louisa that he is in love with her. Jack clearly believes in his pessimistic ideology, as the consequences of coquetry with Louisas emotions are brutally cruel otherwise, and Jack is not perceived by the reader as a cruel man. However Munro does avenge her protagonist slightly by serving Jack with one of the most ridiculous deaths and a funeral which was one of the best attended in years, not because he was so p opular or well liked but because the people wished to pay tribute to the sensational and tragic manner of his death Open Secrets the title tale of Alice Munros collection recounts the reactions of the local population to the mysterious disappearance of one of a group of local girls, Heather Bell, which took place on a hiking trip a few years prior to the storys beginning. One of the first and most poignant facts the reader learns is the lyric to the song sung by the girl hikers For the Beauty of the Earth, /For the Beauty of the Skies,? For the Love that from our Birth/ Over and around us lies The ambiguous meaning of the word lies is highly significant as in this story the relationships between reality and ideology are extremely difficult to define. In this short story, Munro never enlightens her readers as to what the actual reality of the situation is. By withholding the crucial details of the events surrounding Heather Bells disappearance, Munro manipulates the reader into assum ing the position and viewpoint of a character within the text, much like Miltons seductive characterisation of Satan. The reader is forced to join with the characters in the story by coming up with theories and opinion as to what actually happened.This fact, when juxtaposed with the lack of concrete evidence or proof, leads the reader to view all the theories as lies and the hikers optimistic song becomes a symbol of the fact that no matter how innocent or horrible the reality is, its dimensions will never be known. They will try to make out she was some poor innocent, but the facts are dead different says one of the schoolgirl acquaintances of Heather Bell. the undefined nature of evil should be seen as the ideological context of Satans notorious inconsistency as a character Satan defines his evil goal strictly in oppositional termsMilton was writing at the time of the emergence of a relatively new ideological situation in which good codes of good and evil are being reshuffled an d centred, in which evil reappears with revitalised force as a placeless agent that can find its definition not positively or inherently but only in reacting against some similarly abstract and unified concept or agent of virtue or reason. On the one hand, Satan is a meta-epic character Satan is cast as a stock figure of evilThe dominant form of drama in the Satan figures as the fragmentary subject of constitutively unsatisfied desire Some versions of Pastoral William Empson Empson argues that there is a coherent Satan, but that this coherence is only an impressive faiade upon which two different and quite inconsistent viewpoint are constantly superimposed Milton characterises Satan as a creature at once attractive and evil, appealing and destructive. Satan has the accoutrements of the great leader, the attractiveness of an epic adventurer. Books 1 and 2 reveal an heroic self assertion, self reliance and self rapture that we find not only exciting but with which we identify to var ying degrees.Temptation does not come in an unattractive form. Milton ironically undercuts Satans magnificence by linking him repeatedly to tyranny, deceit and destruction. Lucifers fall comes because he refuses to accept his subordinate position. Satans goal is to equal God in power (5. 343) so that in effect he becomes a parody of god and especially of the son to whom he is consistently placed as a foil throughout Paradise Lost. He lies with glorious skill and persuasiveness. Impressive and attractive leader. Bold military leader, resolute, resourceful, capable of inspiring a large and devoted following.Satan represents the style of life which is most attractive to mankind but that was also the root cause of human evil and trial. The magnificent pretence of Satan is both defeated and exposed when he loses the skirmish on the third day. God and Satan both references to church and organised religion Satan hates God and sunlight (4. 37) and living things (4. 197) and the organisa tion of the cosmos (2. 938-84) in the garden of Eden he sees saw undelighted all delight (4. 286) he is determined to bring man pain instead of joy, woes instead of pleasure (4. 68-9,535) at first he expresses pity for Adam and Eve but soon recovers with a rationalisation, putting the blame on god. Hell shall unfold/To entertain you two, her widest gate (4. 381-3) stronger hate,/Hate stronger, under shew of love, well feignd /The way which to her run now I tend (9. 491-93) Satans approach to Eve is specious and deceptive, but is also contemptible and persuasive. He leads Eve to accept a flattering view of himself as a serpent and herself as a goddess. Satan urges them to be as Gods (9. 708-14) which was the same sin by which he himself had fallen.Bridge from hell to earth a passage broad, / Smooth, easie, inoffensive down to hell (10. 304-5) this fulfils Satans plan for Earth with Hell / To throw together and involve (2. 383-84) Satan re-enters hell triumphantly with a call to th e demonic hosts to rise and enter into full bliss (10. 502-3) instead of ascending however they fall and are converted into serpents. This is our last direct vision of Satan in the epic, as the greatest triumph of the great perverter is itself ironically perverted. Satans perversion of created god is itself converse and creation renewed.Satan declares in book 1 that he intended out of good still to find means of evil (1. 165) but in the concluding book the restored and instructed Adam celebrates the providential deliverance to come by the son That all this good of evil shall produce ? And evil turn to good (12. 470-471) The degeneration of Satans character in paradise lost is brilliantly conceived and executed. Instead of becoming the king of heaven he becomes the king of hell, and on earth he passes through the even lower forms of vulture, cormorant, lion, tiger, toad and serpent.When he finally enters into the serpent with bestial slime / This essence to incarnate and imbrute (9. 165-66) he stands at the farthest take on from his pretensions and in his harshest parody of god the son whose incarnation was to redeem and not to destroy man. Satans revolt against God was freely committed however once in revolt he is no longer free but as the faithful Angel Abdiel taunts him to thyself enthralled (6. 181), enslaved to his own identification of himself with an impossible and irrational self image. As a result of this chosen enslavement he finds himself at odds not only with god but with himself and other creatures.He accurse God and himself (4. 69-71) By attempting to exalt himself he repudiates his only viable mode of being, cannot fulfil himself and so still unfulfilled with pain of longing pines (4. 511). As he admits, even while he is adored on the throne of infernal divinity the lower still I fall, only supreme / In misery (4. 91-92). Seeking power apart from love, he declares that only in destroying I find ease and that even from the destruction that he p ursues worse to me redounds and torment within me, as from the hateful siege / Of contraries (9. 128-9, 120-22)After asserting his hatred of god and himself he recognises that which way I fly is hell myself am hell (4. 75) each(prenominal) good becomes bane to him but he refuse to repudiate his pride and so repentance is out of the question for him (4. 98 101). He is entirely consistent in his dedication to waste (gods) whole creation or possess it, and since he cannot possess it, he commits himself to its destruction (2. 365). The one promise he keeps is his stay to sin and death that all things shall be your prey (2. 844) torment within me, as from the hateful siege / Of contrariesBy his self deification and by his glum strategy of domination and destruction, Satan creates the essential conditions of hell what god provides in hell itself is an abode suitable to Satans free choice. It is not a question of real fire but the anguish and torment of a self chosen alienation from god (Calvinist theory) from hell / One step no more than from himself could Satan fly, and that hell always in him burnes / Though in mid Heavn (4. 21-2, 9. 467-8) We the readers were made to feel ashamed of our naive affection for the father of lies (Sharon Achinstein)Satan as complete contradiction in terms. 200 Satan as representative of Miltons ideology contrast with the son. 200 Satan as a character is doomed to fail in his quest to become ruler of heaven. On the third day of his battle with The boy, he is defeated. If the reader assumes that Milton was illuminating his own ideology through the character of Satan then there are a few interesting points to note. The Son is willing to sacrifice his life in order to improve the conditions bounty must endure after their fall from grace. This ideology contrasts directly with that of Satan, who states in Book 9 only in destroying I find ease.The Son is the embodiment of goodness and self-sacrificing virtue in Paradise Lost (Di vine compassion, visibly appeard/ Love without end, and without measure grace) and his ideology triumphs over the false ideology of Satan. Satan and God are both aspects of the tyrannical power that Milton raged against throughout his lifetime. The false heroism of Satan is seen by some critics as an allegorical representation of the hypocrisy of those who fought against tyranny with no alternative world order in mind, those who wished to depose tyrants in order to assume this position for themselves.While the Son is unambiguously moral and good, God is depicted in a less human way, as tyrannical though not in an overtly bad way, I think this is symbolic of Miltons ideology, he did not believe that ideological theory by itself was worthy of praise, but that physical action should accompany any ideology which wished to be taken seriously I cannot praise a fugitive and uncloistered virtue, unexercised and unbreathed (Milton, The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce).Therefore the Son functions not only as a symbol of divine good, but also as an example that possession of a compassionate and virtuous ideology are only worthy if teamed with real sacrifice and meaningful action. Louisa the reality of her situation, the reality of Maureens situation, the reality or Meriels situation. Their perceptions of these realities the significance of these perceptions on their fates and their experiences.

Candide by Voltaire Essay

by means of Candides perplexing adventures and enlightening encounters, Voltaire illuminates the numerous divers(a) cultures of which atomic number 63ans consider themselves superior. Yet rather than supporting the foreign practices of cannibalism, bestiality, and the abolishment of priests, Voltaire is ridiculing the Europeans take in methods of torture in an abusive social hierarchy. Therefore, plot of land forgivedom of expression and a consensus of the majority constitute faucets of good behavior, the European practice of elitist rule and inequitable punishments is revealed as unjust. This criticism suggests the bring for reform by deriving authority from someplace other than the traditional roles of the royalty, clergy, and nobility, a rather radical move at the eon.Voltaire at first reveals the fault of Europeans through his description of the savage estate of the realm of Oreillon. Upon their dissent from Paraguay, Candide and Cacambo come across two women, complete ly nude, who cry out and spryly run away from two monkeys who snap at their buttocks (73). Instantly sympathetic, Candide shoots his musket and kills the monkeys, thinking that he has redeemed himself from earlier sins by saving these distressed women. However, to his surprise he discovers that he has just killed the ladies lovers. Without questioning the practices of this foreign monastic order, Candide reacts based on his own perceptions of unspoiled and wrong. His actions reflect the naivety of Europeans concerning what is thought to be normal based on their own superior culture.As punishment for Candides rash actions, the Oreillons attempt to abuse the travelers over a spit to eat, justifying this through the proclamations that Candide and Cacambo ar Jesuits and thus deserve to die. This behavior is explained by Cacambo as being appropriate because if we Europeans do not utilisation our right to eat others, it is because we have other ingredients for a good meal (pg. 74). H e recognizes that each society contains its own equally valid practices which cannot be change or reprobateed by those who think they atomic number 18 predominant. In addition, Voltaire is not justifying that bestiality and cannibalism constitute a righteous society, but rather satirically commenting on the Europeans own practices, for it would be hypocritical to condemn these practices without evaluating whether the Europeans own forms of punishment be just.As the innocent Candide ventures to eldorado, he is once again introduced to a land unlike that found in contemporary Europe. Upon their arrival, the travelers bewilderingly walk upon pavement made up of rubies, emeralds, and gold and rapture in the delights of a free paste at a common inn. The generous, humble citizens then guide them to an old man and, later, even the approachable king, in order to answer their many questions. Through these communicators they come to realize that the most striking aspects of the village d o not constitute its physical features, but rather its ideology. They are told that all men are free, and thus there is no need for the establishment of courts, trials, or prisons.While Candide is quite baffled by these assertions which completely contrast the structured social constitution of Europe, he is even more confused by the lack of priests or an enforced religion, upon which he exclaims, What You have no monks who lecture, debate, govern, conspire, and burn people who dont agree with them? (79). These seemingly sarcastic remark is a reflection of the binary thinking in which the Europeans have taught their citizens to believe. Candide had always considered the church as an institution which interjects in every aspect of life and constantly ridicules and punishes others while denying the fact that there are other practices and religions besides the order of the church and Catholicism. Voltaire is not suggesting the elimination of priests, which would be a radical idea at th e time, but is rather demonstrating a deeper criticism of Europeans who assume that they are superior and must punish all those who nurse this idea.Although Oreillon and El Dorado are societies completely unlike that of the Europeans in law and culture, they are seen as portraying decent human behavior because they allow their citizens to express free will and they derive authority from the try for of the mountain. For instance, in Oreillon, women are allowed to mate with whomever they please without judgement or persecution from others. This freedom of expression illustrates that the culture seeks to facilitate the gladness of its people. Additionally, when the two monkeys are murdered by Candide, the leaders instantly capture and attempt to punish the travelers, reflecting the societys dedication to protect its citizens from harm and condemn those who impinge on basic freedoms.While this culture may seem bizarre compared to more civilized nations, the fact that it derives its authority from the people illustrates that bestiality and cannibalism are enforced as appropriate human behaviors so long as there is a general consensus. Similarly, good behavior does not necessarily need to be derived from praise towards the king or daily sacrifices to a church, as portrayed in Eldorado. Unlike in Europe, the king is humble, approachable and genuinely pertain with the welfare of his citizens. For example, the feast the travelers consume at the inn is free because the state is said to assist business, thus revealing that the government is willing to contribute to the supremacy of its people despite their class or wealth. Therefore, despite their practices, these societies emulate good behavior.However, Voltaire forms a critic of the Europeans due to the unjust practices in which they derive and maintain authority. In Candides hometown of Westphalia, for example, the naive Candide is exiled from the castle of the Thunder-ten-tronckh because he kissed the Barons da ughter, Cunegonde. He was unfairly punished because he stepped out of the social hierarchy to which he was born, while Cunegonde was not disciplined for her actions due to her rank. Similarly, in places like Paris, the elites haughtily criticize their fellow mans creations and do not hesitate to manipulate and greedily conspire against others.When Candide is led into a ploy by the despicable Abbe and arrested even though he had not committed any law-breakings, he is able to acquire his freedom with three diamonds. The officer then exclaims, Ah sire, even if you committed every crime imaginable, youre still the best man in the world (97). mavens fate depends on the inconsiderate word of the elite, ones wealth, and the act of bribery. Since Candide had money, he was able to secure his freedom while the majority of peasants who are near penniless would have to suffer. These scenarios represent the unjust rule of the elites over the consensus of the majority.While Voltaire formulate s the components of good behavior based on the legitimacy the authority derives from its citizens, he also constitutes bad behavior as punishment without just cause. For instance, when Candide and Martin arrive in Portsmouth, they view the execution of a British Admiral. The Admirals crime was explained in that he had stayed too far from the French enemy and that his death would encourage others to fight more fervently during war. This nonsensical behavior represents the paradox of European punishments which reduce war heros to criminals. Another such scene is presented when Candide and Pangloss reach the city of Lisbon in which a haphazard earthquake kills thirty thousand people. force of a university decide that, in order to prevent another earthquake, they must roast several persons over a slow fireThey had therefore seized a man from the Basque province who had been convicted of marrying the godmother of his godchild, and two Portuguese men, who when eating a chicken, had remov ed the bacon seasoning (52-53). As a manner of electing their sacrifices, they choose those who had committed even dubious offenses, though even those forms of misconduct can be viewed as unsubstantial enough to deserve punishment, more than less death. While it is firstly completely ill-advised to attribute a natural phenomenon to personal actions, Voltaire goes so far as to satirically illustrate that this is a commonsense European belief, for both offenses appear inconsequential to the victims punishment.Meanwhile, most Europeans would be disgusted with the culture of the Oreillons who engage in cannibalism after enacting a punishment. However, Candides death penalty after murdering two of its citizens is a much more equitable offense in terms of its punishment than removing bacon seasoning from chicken, such as in Europe. Furthermore, once a body has been burnt, it seems inconsequential whether it is eaten or not. Voltaire is thus able to portray the irony as well as the unj ust nature of European punishments as a bad behavior of society.The figures of the time who would be most notably perturbed by Voltaires suggestions constitute the royalty, the nobility, and the clergy. Firstly, for centuries the royalty had uncontestedly derived authority through lineage and from claims to divine right. Candides embrace with the King of Eldorado would probably be perceived as strange because the royalty was considered far above the common people in class, stature, and rights, and thus did not need the consent of its citizens to govern. Thus, the monarchy would be opposed to Voltaires ideas because they undermine his authority. This is reflected in eighteenth century Europe when the National Assembly made a radical move by sending Louis XVI to the guillotine as a symbol of the growing dissatisfaction of the peasants and workers.Secondly, the nobility consisted of a small number of elites who mainly derived their elevated status from patronage. Voltaires view of this social class, at least in Paris, is illustrated in the abode of Marquise de Parolignac, in which these morose intellectuals portray that their sole interests are to spread slander, hypocritically belittle art, and greedily take advantage of Candides treasures. Similarly to the monarchy, Voltaires proposal that societys values and laws should be supported by the consensus of the masses was a scandalous assertion because it would undermine the power of the elites and force them to surrender their privilege.Finally, the clergys word penetrated all aspects of life in eighteenth century Europe while Religious Orthodoxy formed local allegiances and bound communities together by preaching sacred traditions. However, it can also be said that the institutions of the church hypocritically valued their own self-preservation over educating the masses. Therefore, these religious authorities would not consent in being forced to adhere to stricter laws by having to give proper, legitimate reasons as a means to punish nonbelievers or delinquents of the church. Despite these opponents, Voltaire suggests a need for reform by deriving authority from somewhere other than the norm.Although European society appears far more advanced than that of the savages and more structured than Eldorado, that does not necessarily determine that its laws and people are superior. In fact, Voltaire constitutes good behavior in a society as something that has been consented upon by its people, while bad behavior derives from unjust punishment and the dangerous rule of elites. Voltaire thus forms a critic of Europeans through comparisons to these foreign lands and furthermore questions whether a reformation of authority is a necessary means to benefit society.SourceVoltaire. Candide. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1999.