The Ethical Decision Making Models - 1576 Words

Ethical Decision-Making Models Decision-making in the field of psychology refers to a cognitive process that results in a selection among multiple possible solutions in a situation (Colman, 2008). Decision-making is based on available information from the environment as well as intrinsic information and existing schemas (Rogerson, Gottlieb, Handelsman, Knapp Younggren, 2011). These internal schemas, along with knowledge and personal preferences, influence the decision-making process. Ethical decision-making differs from normal decision-making in that ethical standards influence the decision maker s choice (Rogerson et al., 2011). Numerous professions and organization adhere to some form of ethical standards including business,†¦show more content†¦In level 3, the counselor makes decisions that society and laws would approve of (societal). Level 4 (individual) refers to the counselors decisions that are based on the needs of the client while at the same time adhering to laws and right and others. Leve l 5 refers to the counselor’s ability to make decisions based on self-chosen principles of conscience and internal ethical schemas (principles). Levels 1 and 2 are considered to be low while levels 4 and 5 are considered to have high levels of moral developments. Models of moral development have been integrated into the first models of ethical decision-making (Cottone Claus, 2000). There are several ethical decision making models including Kritchner s model, social constructivism, and organizational-based models that take into consideration organizational factors and moral intensity. One of the first models for ethical decision-making was developed in 1984 by Kritchener according to Cottone and Claus (2000). Kitchener argued that in an absence of ethical standards an individual uses personal value judgment which lead to subpar decisions. Kitchener based her model from previous model of moral development and recommended that counselors should strive to develop a deeper understanding of the implications of behaving ethically. Most decision-making models are linear and are based on rational thought (Cottone Claus,Show MoreRelatedThe Ethical Decision Making Model Essay813 Words   |  4 PagesETHICAL DECISION-MAKING MODEL Many face ethical dilemmas daily through their different professions and usually this is when issues arise, some dilemmas are simple tasks others may be very complex and some have grey areas.   Organizational culture, codes of conduct, rules and regulations and equal opportunity for example, play a role in a profession’s ethical standards.   When looking at society today with regard to crime.   Ethical standards in our justice system are extremely useful because our beliefsRead MoreThe Ethical Decision Making Model959 Words   |  4 PagesAbility The first attribute of the trust model is ability. Ability is defined as having the skills to accomplish a task, competency, proficiency or talent in a certain area (Liberty University, 2015). Often ability is thought of as an inborn talent, for instance one of the authors has the innate ability to play sports. In this case however, ability means a learned and practiced expertise. To be clear, the authors are not trying to equate ability as a being able to disarm someone or earnRead MoreThe Ethical Decision Making Model1008 Words   |  5 Pagesnot stand alone. With that in mind, using an ethical decision making model that approaches an ethical dilemma from a multicultural perspective is not only helpful but imperative. In this paper, I have referenced the information from Case Study 8 on page 189 of the ACA Ethical Standards Casebook in an attempt to unravel my own clinical ethical dilemma while utilizing a Hermeneutic and Culturally-Sensitive Ethical Decision Making Mo del. 1. The Ethical Dilemma Alayah is a Licensed Professional CounselorRead MoreThe Decision Making Of The Ethical Behavior Model Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagescreating an ethical dilemma and similarly, to explore and present a decision making model used to work through the dilemma. The study found ways that can assist forensic counselors with this common issue that has prompted numerous legalities filed against them by their evaluees such as, identifying stakeholders and interpreting the situation through awareness and fact finding. Tarvydas’s integrative decision-making of the ethical behavior model can also be essential in solving ethical dilemmas becauseRead MoreEthical Decision Making Model Analysis797 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Decision Making Model Making sound ethical decisions require an intentional process that utilizes thoughtful reflection, supervision/consultation, and action. Many ethical decision making models exist and the seven-step model introduced by Forester-Miller and Davis (1996) is a succinct amalgamation of these earlier models. The model by Forester-Miller and Davis (1996) follows seven progressive steps: (a) identify the problem, (b) apply the ACA Code of Ethics (2014), (c) determine the natureRead MoreEthical Decision Making Model Of Ethics And Its Foundations Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesAfter reviewing several ethical decision-making models, reviewing the code of ethics and its foundations, and examining personal beliefs and values surrounding ethics, I have come up with an ethical decision-making model. This model incorporates aspects of pre-existing models, including the social-constructivist model, practitioner’s guide, feminist model, and Herlihy and Corey’s (2015) â€Å"elements of ethical decision making† (p. 20). This model is broken down into seven steps, which are meant to beRead MoreEthical Decision Making Models, Transcultural And Practitioner Essay2680 Words   |  11 Pagesanalyze two ethical decision-making models, transcultural and practitioner’s. The first discussion will offer a comprehensive depiction of the guiding principles of the practitioner’s model, as well as the steps that a counselor would need to follow to resolve ethical dilemmas. The next discussion will provide a description of the transcultural model. This paper will then provide readers a description of the case of Simone and a description of the function of the two-preceding ethical decision-makingRead MoreA Stakeholder Management Model For Ethical Decision Making856 Words   |  4 Pageswith a decision, they have to decide which stakeholders should be prioritized. When beginning the dialogue with a specific stakeholder group, the management should explain f rom the beginning what the intended objectives of the dialogue are. Measure performance: the company should be able to tell how well its stakeholder management processes are going which of course depends on what objectives the firm has set for a specific stakeholder engagement process. (â€Å"a stakeholder management model for ethicalRead MoreA Multiple Relationship Case Study Using Welfel’s Model for Ethical Decision-Making1513 Words   |  7 PagesUsing Welfel’s Model for Ethical Decision-Making Abstract Many times in counseling sessions, situations arise that require the ability to make ethical decisions. When confronting these types of situations, counselors often refer to the Elizabeth Reynold Welfel’s Ethical Model, comprised of 10 steps, to guide them in making an ethical decision. These steps provide a framework which counselors may use to help with ethical dilemmas. Below are the 10 steps in the Ethical Decision-Making Model provided byRead MoreEthical Decision Making Frameworks : Greenleaf Servant Leadership Test, Markkula Model And The Nash s 12 Questions Model Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesWe face ethical dilemmas daily in every facet of our lives. Determining how to respond to ethical dilemmas is complex process. Often individuals do not think about all the factors to consider and what questions should they ask. Often an individual will seek to gather the facts about and ethical decision and use that as the decision making factor. However facts are not enough to m ake ethical decisions because facts only looks at what is. Ethical decision making is based on what should be determined

The Formation Of The United Airlines Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1830 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? United Airlines was started in the early 1930s by Bill Boeings aeronautic conglomerate in for it to exploit demand for air transport and to dole out as an direct market for renowned Boeing aircraft. At first United served as a syndicate, involving the involvement of several autonomous airline companies. One of those companies was Varney Air Lines, recognized by way of being Americas first commercial air transport company. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Formation Of The United Airlines Business Essay" essay for you Create order Boeings holdings grew to include airlines, airplane and parts manufacturing companies, and several airports.Later William Boeings company was broken down into three: a parts supplier, an aircraft manufacturer , and the United Air Lines airline group. The Board of Directors at Continental and United airlines agreed a stock-swap transaction that would unite them into the worlds principal airline on Sunday, May 2, 2010. On October 1, 2010, UAL Corporation (the parent company of United Airlines changed its name to United Continental Holdings, Inc. and completed its acquisition of Continental Airlines. United Continental Holdings, Inc. is the holding company for United Airlines and Continental Airlines. It has more than 80,000 employees all over the world.The company is committed to emerging the airline customers want to fly, and the airline employees want to work for. The companys corporate and operational headquarters are sitiuated in Chicago. On October 1, 2010, United and Continental closed their previously announced all-stock merger of equals transaction to come up with the worlds leading airline. The new United will offer customers an enhanced travel best experience, combining the best products and services each carrier has to offer. The airline will be focused on being the airline that customers want to fly as well as the airline employees want to work for and the airline shareholders want to invest in. Uniteds and Continentals major operations consist basically of the transportation of persons, property and mail around the United States and abroad. United Airlines is an international carriers situated in the United States. Together with other regional flights operated on Uniteds behalf under capacity purchase agreements with several carriers, does approximately 3,400 flights a day to approximately 230 United States domestic and international destinations from its major hubs in L .A , Denver, San Francisco, Washington D.C. ,Chicago and Tokyo . Both airlines have suffered losses in the downturn and anticipate the merger to raise savings of more than $1 billion a year. The combined airline will serve up to 370 destinations, from the 10 hubs listed below .Their mission is to develop, implement and communicate Uniteds commitment to community service by sponsoring and supporting charitable organizations, as well as programs and activities that improve the communities where our customers and employees live and work as well as To be recognized as the best airline in the industry by our customers ,employees, and shareholders Continental Airlines utilizes a divisional structure comparative to the management of its range of entities. This structural plan is owed to the intricate nature of the aviation industry as well as the independence necessary in operating a twenty-four hour a day, seven day per week worldwide business. Their organizational structure is comprised of the president and the ceo,executive vice president human resource and labour relations,the executive vice president and chief revenue officer, executive vice president and president ,mileage plus holding, executive vice president communication and government affairs, executive vice president and chief information matters officer, executive vice president and operation officer, executive vice president and financial officer, executive vice president general counsel secretary(interior). Among its marketing strategy and product mix plans are the announcement that it had $9 billion of unconstrained cash at closing. Company executives said the merger will bring $1 billion to $1.2 billion of annual cost and revenue profit by 2013. The benefits will largely consist of $800 million to $900 million of incremental annual revenue, derived from the expanded network and service. In December 2009, the Company announced its intention to place an aircraft order for 25 Boeing 787ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢8 Dreamliner aircraft and 25 Airbus.A350 XWB aircraft, with future purchase rights for an additional 50 planes of each aircraft type. The 25 Boeing aircraft and 25 Airbus aircraftare to replace the Companys international Boeing 747s and 767s. The Company estimates that it will reduce its fuel costs and carbon emissions from the 25 Boeing aircraft and 25 Airbus aircraft combined by approximately 33% compared with the aircraft they will replace, lower average lifetime ma intenance costs for the 25 Boeing aircraft and 25 Airbus aircraft combined by approximately 40% per available seat mile comparedwith the aircraft they will replace, and enable service to a broader range of international destinations while providing customers with state of the art cabin comfort. The Boeing aircraft order is pursuant to a purchase agreement entered into by the Company and The Boeing Company in February 2010 and the Airbus aircraft order is subject to the execution of a definitive written agreement that is expected to befinalized in the first quarter of 2010. To ease good customer relations, Continental has built an remarkable customer data warehouse that the airline uses for marketing, customer service, and operational purposes. This is definitely an asset that the merged airline should capitalize on given its potential to help it improve traveler dependability,  increase the steadiness in which customers are served, boost marketing effectiveness through better targeting, and help the airline maintain good operational performance. Regardless of how you may feel about the airline industrys shift to unbundle its product offering and charge to check baggage and for meals, ancillary revenues now generate a significant portion of airlines revenues. In its Q1 2010 earnings statement, United stated that its checked bag fees and ticketing and change fees contributed to a 0.8% increase in passenger revenue per existing seat mile , a key industry metric. United has developed a suite of optional travel products, branded Travel Options By Uni ted'(TOBU),  which include the checked bag fees, day-passes to Uniteds Red Carpet Clubs, and access to priority security screening lines. United has integrated these into its digital channels, including its website, airport check-in kiosks, and mobile. While the execution is not always perfect, TOBU is clearly successful for United and is to be incorporated into the merged airline. FinaGuarantees 125ncial performance and comparison The Company participates in numerous fuel consortia with other carriers at major airports to reduce the costs of fuel distribution and storage. Interline agreements govern the rights and responsibilities of the consortia members and provide for the allocation of the overall costs to operate the consortia based on usage. The consortium (and in limited cases, the participating carriers) have entered into longÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢term agreements to lease certain airport fuel storage and distribution facilities that are typically financed through taxÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢exempt bonds (either special facilities lease revenue bonds or general airport revenue bonds), issued by various local municipalities. Certain income statement and balance sheet amounts presented for the 2008, 2007 and 2006 Successor periods include the impact from the Companys 2009 retrospective adoption of the new accounting principles related to accounting for convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon conversion and determining whether instruments granted in shareÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢based payment transactions are participating securities for purposes of calculating earnings per share. Consolidated capacity was approximately 3% and 7% lower in the fourth quarter and the full year of 2009, respectively, as compared to the previous year. The Company permanently removed 100 aircraft from its fleet, including its entire fleet of 94 B737 aircraft and six B747 aircraft in order to do away with unprofitable capacity and divest the Company of assets that did not provide an acceptable return. The Company also streamlined its operations and corporate functions in order to match the size of its workforce to the size of its reduced capacity, resulting in a workforce reduction of approximately 9,000 positions during 2008 and 2009. The workforce reduction was completed through a combination of furloughs and furloughÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢mitigation programs, such as voluntary earlyÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢out options, to reduce the required involuntary furloughs. Of the total represented workforce reduction, approximately 45% was accomplished through voluntary furloughs. The Company reconfigured its entire Ted fleet of 56 allÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢economy Airbus aircraft to include United First, Economy Plus and economy seating and continues to refit its widebody international aircraft with new first and business class premium seats, entertainment systems and other product enhancements. During 2009, the Company completed its upgrade of all of its B767 and B747 aircraft, which are used for international flights, and commenced the reconfiguration of its international B777 fleet in February 2010. The Company created new revenue streams through unbundling its flight services and various other new service offerings. The new revenue initiatives include fees for checked bags on domestic and international flights, express airport checkÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢in and boarding through Premier Travel SM and Premier Travel PlusSM, and an annual subscription for two checked bags at no additional cost for United an d Regional AffiliatesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢operated flights through Premier Baggage. In October 2009, Continental joined United and its 24 partners in the Star Alliance linking the airlines networks and services worldwide and creating new revenue opportunities, cost savings and other efficiencies; competeuiors.The domestic airline industry is highly competitive and dynamic. In domestic markets, new and existing U.S. carriers are generally free to initiate service between any two points within the United States. Uniteds competitors consist primarily of other airlines, and, to a lesser extent, other forms of transportation and emerging technological substitutes such as videoconferencing. Competition can be direct in the form of another carrier flying the exact nonÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢stop route or indirect where a carrier serves the same two cities nonÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢stop from an alternative airport in that city, or via an itinera ry requiring a connection at another airport Cargo revenues declined by $318 million, or 37%, in 2009 as compared to 2008, due to four key factors. First, United took significant steps to rationalize its capacity, with reduced international capacity affecting a number of key cargo markets. Second, as noted by industry statistical releases during 2009, virtually all carriers in the industry, including United, were sharply impacted by reduced air freight and mail volumes driven by lower recessionary demand, with the resulting oversupply of cargo capacity putting pressure on industry pricing in nearly all markets. Some of the largest industry demand reductions occurred in the Pacific cargo market, where United has a greater cargo capacity as compared to the Atlantic, Latin and Domestic air cargo markets. Third, lower fuel costs in 2009 also reduced cargo revenues through lower fuel surcharges on cargo shipments as compared to 2008 when historically high fuel prices occurred. Finally United, historically one of the largest carriers of U.S. international mail, was impacted by lower mail volumes and pricing beginning in third quarter of 2009 arising from U.S. international mail deregulation. The deregulation moved pricing from regulated rates set by the DOT to marketÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢based pricing as a result of a competitive bidding process. Towards the end of 2009, the Company began to experience significant market stabilization and improvement in cargo industry demand and yields The Companys business relies extensively on thirdÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢party providers. Failure of these parties to perform as expected, or unexpected interruptions in the Companys relationships with these providers or their provision of services to the Company, could have an adverse effect on the Companys financial position and results of operations.

Top Ten Characteristics of a Multicultural School Environment

Top Ten Characteristics Of A Multicultural School Environment Not all students are the same so they cannot be taught the same way. Their cultures and experiences the way they learn and respond to schooling. Several cultural factors affect the way students behave in a classroom. Each student is different because of physical and mental abilities, gender, ethnicity, race, language, religion, class, sexual orientation, and age (Gollnick and Chin, p.6). Multicultural school has different characteristics. I think the most important is the composition of the faculty, administration, and other staff accurately reflects the pluralistic composition of the United States (Gollnick and Chin, p.7) because this will influence a student’s behavior. The†¦show more content†¦With the persistence of racism, poverty, unemployment, and inequality in major social systems such as education, many persons have found it difficult to reconcile daily realities with the publicized egalitarianism that characterizes the public rhetoric (Gollnick and Chin, p.36). In a multicultural school, students should not experience this, instead, they should experience equality no matter what race, culture, gender or social groups they are involved with. The faculty, administrators, and other staff see themselves as learners enhanced and changed by understanding, affirming, and reflecting cultural diversity (Gollnick and Chin, p.7). The faculty, administrators, and other staff should be open for changes. They should learn on how to interact on different cultures. They should not be one-sided and be open for some changes because it is a part of life. Teachers and administrators are able to deal with questions of race, inter group relations, and controversial realities on an objective, frank, and professional basis (Gollnick and Chin, p.7). States and school districts expect new teachers to have proficiencies related to multicultural education by the time they finish a teacher educationShow MoreRelatedThang EDU 518 Topical Ref List3201 Words   |  13 Pagesin self-efficacy, strong and well directed principal leadership, having a positive and accepting racial climate, smaller class sizes, less harsh discipline with more support to reduce bad behavior, and better communication between parents and the school. Most authors agree, making education more meaningful and purposeful to the students would increase motivation to learn, which would increase success in academics. Almost all authors agree, professional development concentrated in these areas willRead MoreDiversity in Multi-Cultural Teams Creates Potential Advantages2825 Word s   |  12 PagesGlobalisation creates international business environment that requires businesses to be more competitive. And in order to be more active and competitive, companies have to be able to adapt themselves to the constant change, which can be driven by cultural diversity (Salas, Goodwin and Burke, 2009). In the future, the skill to cooperate with diverse cultures is a significant device for a successful business (Thomas and Inkson, 2004). Yet, divergence within multicultural teams may create some drawbacks as wellRead MoreLatino Student Fund : Supporting Education Essay2307 Words   |  10 Pagesin the Washington metropolitan area (â€Å"About Us†). The students in the program are labeled as at-risk students as a result of their under-performance in school. According to The Glossary of Education Reform, the label â€Å"at-risk† typically that the student is considered to â€Å"have a higher probability of failing academically or dropping out of schoolâ⠂¬  (â€Å"At Risk†). This label insinuates that students with this label may not be as academically capable as other students. As I tutored Adriana throughout theRead MoreMulticultural Education in a Pluralistic Society21691 Words   |  87 PagesColin Powell, 2000 ISBN: 0-536-29978-1 Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society, Seventh Edition, by Donna M. Gollnick and Philip C. Chinn. Published by Prentice-Hall/Merrill. Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Class hile he was still in college, Tomas Juarez had decided he wanted to work with children from low-income families. He began his teaching career, however, in a culturally diverse suburban school. The school had been built only a few years before andRead MoreDiversity at Disney5774 Words   |  24 Pagesinclusive environment for employees and their families. Although they believe they have plenty of progress to make, they are proud that Disney now employs the most diverse workforce in its history (Farino, 2012). In 2010, Disney was named to Diversity Inc s Top 50 Companies for Diversity, which recognizes companies that demonstrate consistent strength in CEO commitment, human capital, corporate and organizational communications and supplier diversity. This year, they were included in the Top 25 mostRead MoreSocio-Cultural Development17197 Words   |  69 PagesThe social and cultural environment Paul Wetherly Contents Introduction: what is the social and cultural environment? What has it got to do with business? Society, culture and business Demographic trends—an ageing population Immigration and multiculturalism Class structure Inequality A woman’s place? Looking ahead Summary Case study: decline of the working class? 123 150 152 152 153 153 153 Review and discussion questions 125 128 132 135 139 145 149 149 Assignments Further reading OnlineRead MoreImmigrant Advantage On Academic Achievement And Mental Health Essay1959 Words   |  8 PagesSocioeconomic Status, and Education. FAMILY First, we looked at a longitudinal study that analyzes the home environments of infants whose families are new immigrants (Bradley, Pennar, and Glick; 2014). The adult was asked various questions, including demographics, education level, and other measures used to evaluate home environments of their infants. What the results of the study found was that home environments are different across the various ethnicities, and are often dependent on the education levels ofRead MoreTeamwork/Group, Dynamics, Cohesion, Diversity7672 Words   |  31 PagesGroup Cohesion? 7 3.1. Nature of Group Cohesiveness 3.2. Groups Goals 8 3.3. Measuring group cohesion 9 3.4. Developing cohesiveness 11 3.5. Consequences of cohesion 12 4. Managing Multicultural Groups 14 Y. Iqbal 4.1. Multicultural Diversity and Multicultural Workforce 14 4.2. Importance of Managing Diversity 15 4.3. Managing Culturally Diverse Work Groups within an Organization 16 4.4. Disadvantages of Culturally Diverse Work Groups 16 4.5. AdvantagesRead MoreMarketing and Page Ref14698 Words   |  59 Pages Chapter 3 Analyzing the Marketing Environment 1) You are directed to study the actors close to the company that affect its ability to serve its customers-departments within the company, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer markets, competitors, and publics. What are you studying? A) the macroenvironment B) the microenvironment C) the marketing environment D) the demographic environment E) the global environment Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 66 Skill: Concept Read MoreMen in Traditionally Women-Oriented Professions2476 Words   |  10 Pagesleast one educator noted that this is a clear tragedy for millions of children who can benefit from simply having a male perspective in the classroom. As a result many children who have no man at home, find no man at preschool and no man at primary school, and never meet a stable, reliable male figure in all their preteen years. Girls never experience nurturing from a trusted older male. Boys, cared for only by women, learn that nurturing is no part of the male job description. And in the absence of

Specialist Counsellor Course

Questions: Explain how children raised in dysfunctional families learn to communicate. Why do children raised in dysfunctional families feel the need to maintain in their adult life the rigid controls learnt in childhood? In the context of the dysfunctional family, how is rigidity reviewed? What is the function of denial in the dysfunctional family unit? What is seen as being essential to healthy relationships? What occurs when conflict within the family is unresolved? Within a healthy family system, how is intimacy defined? What are the two damaging misconceptions that are accepted by people raised in dysfunctional families? What is seen as being one of the steps towards self-acceptance? In the context of family therapy, how should recovery be reviewed? Answers: 1. It is known that children growing up in a dysfunctional family face various consequences and problems while growing up. The dysfunctional families usually employ the silent language of dysfunctional that is transformed into various rules and regulations that are strictly implemented in the family. Indirect communication is the main form of communication in the dysfunctional families (RODRIGUEZ, SMITH and ZATZ, 2009). Thus it can be said that the children in dysfunctional families learn to use silence and indirect communication as the main types of communication. The children in dysfunctional families build protective walls and they deal with stress in an unconstructive manner. The communication skills of the children in these types of families are thus different than other children in a normal family. The children use silence to express their feelings in order to avoid the honest conversation. The dysfunctional families usually hide their feelings and they avoid all conversations related to expressing feelings. Thus similar traits are seen in children as well. The children learn to communicate this way in a dysfunctional family. 2. The children raised in dysfunctional families feel the need to maintain in their adult life the rigid controls learnt in childhood. Here it can be said that the children in dysfunctional families uses silence as the main form of communication. In a dysfunctional family all forms of real communication about the feelings are avoided and the rigidity is one of the major functions of such family. Rigidity is the main beginning of a dysfunction in a family. In a dysfunctional family, strict rules are imposed in order to avoid unpredictable or dangerous behaviour of a family member (RODRIGUEZ, SMITH and ZATZ, 2009). Rigidity can control the behaviour of an individual and thus it is explored and supported in a dysfunctional family. A child who grew up in such environment feels the need to impose similar rigidity in their adult life as well, as they become comfortable with the conditions and they may feel uncomfortable if they let go of the rigidity of rules. People who grew up in such en vironment do not react better to change. 3. Rigidity can be referred as non-flexibility. It is evident that in the context of a dysfunctional family, rigidity is one of the major elements or functions that affects and governs the behaviour of individuals within a family. In a dysfunctional family, rigidity is maintained in order to avoid the ill-effects of unpredictable behaviour. Thus a specific degree of controlled is implemented in such families and all the emotional expressions are also controlled in such families. There are several rules and regulations imposed in dysfunctional families that must be obeyed by all the family members (Regulska, 2014). It is also evident that people distorting from the rules face the wrath of other family members and they face shame, ignorance and physical abuse of others as well. It is also evident that people in such families maintain similar rigidity in their later lives. 4. Denial is also prevalent in a dysfunctional family. Here it can be said that, the family members discount the external and internal experience of reality and they also minimise the life-threatening behaviour. This is basically referred as denial. In dysfunctional families, the members do not want to accept the degree of seriousness of an issue. They always think that, things will get better and they are not as bad as it may be perceived. Such behaviour is unhealthy for the family members and especially for the children living in such environment. It is unhealthy for children to feel that something is wrong but they cannot express any feelings about it to anyone (Casabianca, 2014). Denial in a family can make the children distrustful towards their own perceptions and thus it can lead to other mental health related issues like anxiety in the children. 5. There are various essential functions to a healthy relationship in a family. Trust is one of the major and essential elements of a healthy relationship along with dependability. In order to maintain a healthy relationship it is very important to establish trust between one another so that there can be effective communication. It should be easier to share problems and convey their emotions and feelings to each other (Bà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gels, van Dongen and Muris, 2003). It can build a strong base for a healthy relationship. On the other hand there should be flexibility rather than rigidity and expression of doubts and feelings should be open to each and everyone. There should be acceptance for every trait and type of person. So these are the essential functions for a healthy relationship especially in a family. 6. It is evident that conflicts are usually seen within a family. The conflicts can occur due to mismatch in opinions or disagreements regarding certain issues. It is known that each and every individual is different and thus such conflicts are evident in a family. But it is very important to resolve such conflicts in a family. If the conflicts are unresolved then the impact of such factors can be seen in the long-run (Carlson, 2003). It can harm the relationship between the members and that conflict can also be extended to other family members. Thus it is very important to resolve such conflict so that extensive impact can be avoided. It is evident that in dysfunctional families the conflict resolution is avoided and a form of denial is seen towards the ill effects of the conflict. 7. The richness and depth of healthy family association derives from intimacy. Dysfunctional families teach regulations that prevent or restrict such secure bonding. Closeness within a strong family is defined as capacity to deeply contact the significant self of other on a reliable basis. When people trust themselves and their family members to enquire for their requirements to be met, when people are eager to compromise and negotiate, when people are keen to extend to other family associates and always present for them in any case, then closeness has taken origin within that family system. The reorganization of a dysfunctional family needs more specialized skills and knowledge than the action of an individual therapy. Family and its intimate associations are essential for following the illness incidence and occurrence. To analyze any complication in depth association within the family members and other partners are apparently important. Information from family are used in evaluatin g requirements for determining mental or physical heath, associated care priorities, case analysis, tracing and stopping communicable illnesses. 8. People brought up in dysfunctional families are forced to disallow reality; they acknowledge and accept two damaging misconceptions. These are: no wrong thing is present within their people of origin and something is fundamentally intensely incorrect at the very center of them. These people also accept their parents or partners concepts regarding what they should not and should be feeling and thinking. Kids at their early stage and a profound level are taught not to accept them. As it is seen that the old rule denial is now transformed into acceptance, it is said that the very initial step of self-acceptance is to initiate accepting that the feelings are genuine and people have their rights to express those feelings. If someone said that they are unaware of the fact that what they are feeling that represents that the person is tremendously confused and are trained to redirect or hide their feelings. 9. The initial step of self-acceptance is ones true self and next step is to understand the fact that life journey has no finish point. To self-accept, one must always endeavor to increase the prospects as an individual. To achieve accomplishment, one must always search for it. The probability to self-accept is something which lied within the individual (MACINNES, 2006). One should make them keen to develop and take necessary actions to disengage that self-acceptance. With todays hyper-informed and hypercompetitive pressure a question is always present within the society that is how does individual truly accept them holistically? To answer this support can be taken from Abraham Maslows theory that people follow their own paths. This matters how entirely people decide themselves to accomplish the psychological and personal greatness which is positioned at the top. 10. Whatever the situation it is, dysfunction rules will be changed by recovery process. Facing old rigidity patterns, isolation, denial and silence is an outstanding way to initiate to cure previous wounds. Recovery from dysfunction rules and from the engulfment issues and abandonment issues is a current process. Therefore, the interviewer need to be aware that from initial interview the family, the client should not be left under illusions regarding anything other than the exact fact. It is foolishness to expect an overnight change. Recovery is not a changing element but a pattern of transformation which should be initiated for the advantage of the clients. References Bà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gels, S., van Dongen, L. and Muris, P. (2003). Family influences on dysfunctional thinking in anxious children.Inf. Child Develop., 12(3), pp.243-252. Carlson, R. (2003). New Treatments Sought for Dysfunctional HER Family.Oncology Times, 25(9), pp.18-20. Casabianca, R. (2014). Anxieties in Children: Dysfunctional Interactional Patterns and an Effective Systemic/Integrative Treatment.Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 25(2), pp.145-162. MACINNES, D. (2006). Self-esteem and self-acceptance: an examination into their relationship and their effect on psychological health.Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 13(5), pp.483-489. Regulska, A. (2014). Supporting the dysfunctional family in the contemporarysystem of the welfare.Pedagogika Rodziny, 4(1). RODRIGUEZ, N., SMITH, H. and ZATZ, M. (2009). YOUTH IS ENMESHED IN A HIGHLY DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY SYSTEM: EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILIES, PARENTAL INCARCERATION, AND JUVENILE COURT DECISION MAKING.Criminology, 47(1), pp.177-208.